You say that there’s a kind of social
necessity of crime, since “crime and its punishment are a
basic part of the rituals that uphold any social structure”,
that crime is useful to legitimate social rules and beliefs, that is
rules and ideals legitimating the social hierarchy and the power of
dominant groups. Can you explain in more depth your thought? And what
could be, in your opinion, the role of fiction (movies, novels and so
on) in this kind of “ideological process”? Actually
what is referred to here is Durkheim’s classic theory of
crime. He perceived that punishing criminals is a ritual. It usually
does very little to control criminals or deter crime, but ordinary
citizens feel great satisfaction in punishments being carried out, and
feel there is something morally scandalous when a criminal is not
punished. There has been a lot of criminological
research on punishment, and of course complexities have been
discovered. But I think it is generally true that there is a strong
ritualistic element in punishment. Also, Durkheim’s point
about the social necessity of crime, was to say that society is always
inventing new crimes, so that it can carry out these punishment
rituals. Society always wants somebody to punish. We see this in
various kinds of criminal prohibitions – at one time alcohol,
now drugs, increasingly now with tobacco; and in some places, sex
scandals such as those involving politicians and prostitutes in the
Usa. Of course different countries differ in these respects, with
different histories of repressiveness or liberalization. How
does fiction play into this process? This question has not been much
examined. My suggestion is that fiction is not so much vicarious
experience but rather a socially framed situation of partaking in a
reality that its consumers know is not part of everyday life. The very
existence of the TV set, the movie screen, and the physical pages of
the book are a basic frame of experience, which sets apart its content
from what is outside along with ourselves in ordinary life. So crime
and punishment [or lack of punishment, getting away with crime, etc.]
is chiefly a dramatic action inside the fictional frame. For fiction to
be entertaining, it must have some kind of plot tension, some dramatic
action, and conflicts are the most dramatic form of action. On a low
cultural level, it is simple physical action and violence –
as I have said, extremely inaccurate compared to real violence; but
then real violence would not be very entertaining if we actually have
to watch it. On a higher cultural level, the drama shifts to conflicts
on the level of emotions. In important respects, the differences among
social classes are in the level of subtlety and sophistication of what
kind of dramatic tension they like to consume.
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One of the key aspects of your theory is the
assumption of the ritual as the foundation of the solidarity and the
unity of the different social groups. The general model of the social
rituals assumes that the individuals in the group are assembled in the
same place (a church, a political meeting, etc.), that they share the
same single focus, a contagious emotion, emblems or symbolic objects.
Every individual is charged with the energy and the symbols of the
group and he takes them with him into his everyday life. How can this
central position of the social ritual, that needs in its general model
the physical presence of people, be reconciled with the actuality of a
great part of our current experiences, that are “media
experiences”, such as medias like TV or Internet produce
specific ways of experience and collective participation even if people
are distant or separated? Can the impact of medias, producing new
social situations, change the formation of the groups, or does it just
provide them with subsidiary experiences? And what is, in your opinion,
the role of the different properties of the means of symbolic
production, referring to the different medias such as the TV or the
Internet, also in the making of power and stratification? This
is the aspect of my theory that has received considerable discussion
from current researchers. We are living in a technological revolution
just now which mediates experiences, away from direct physical contact.
Richard Ling has just published a book, on Mediated Ritual
Experience based on research on how young people use mobile
phones. Ling concludes that ritual solidarity is possible through these
media, although cell phone users also want to meet each other
personally, and use their phones chiefly to arrange meetings. Thus the
mediated and physically copresent forms of interaction tend to form a
chain, each supporting the other. This research also tends to show that
mediated rituals are not as intense as close physical interactions; it
is a matter of degree, not an absolute difference. In one of my
previous books, The Sociology of Philosophies
(1998) I showed that important intellectuals, throughout world history,
have always been closely connected to each other in social networks.
And these network structures have not changed, from ancient times when
intellectual life was personal debate, through the development of books
and printing. I concluded that even with the rise of the Internet,
intellectuals who are connected only by internet are at a disadvantage
to those who also know each other personally. Personal interaction is a
much stronger way of conveying emotion; and that has an effect on how
individuals internalize ideas, since the ideas come across most
strongly when they are carried by emotions. Famous teachers will
continue to have famous students who hear them personally, even though
many other persons could find out about their ideas over the internet.
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